Heat pumps transport ambient heat via air source or geothermal systems, achieving COPs of 4.0–5.0 and using up to 60 % less electricity than electric heaters. Performance varies with outdoor temperature, system design, and maintenance. Smart controls, hybrid setups, and regular servicing optimize efficiency. Payback is 3–5 years (air source) or 5–8 years (geothermal). With lower emissions and long‑term savings, heat pumps offer a green, cost‑effective HVAC solution.